3D Printing in Makerspaces: Health and Safety Concerns.

Authors

  • Neelam Bharti

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29173/istl1712

Abstract

3D (three-dimensional) printing is included in makerspaces around the world and has become increasingly affordable and useful. Most makerspaces use Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)-based 3D printers, using polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) as printing materials. However, heating PLA and ABS to high temperatures emits ultrafine particles and volatile organic compounds, which are potentially harmful and raise health and safety concerns. This paper discusses the health and safety hazards posed by 3D printing and presents recommendations to minimize the effects of these hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

 

 

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Anderson, Z.J., Olsen, T.S., Andersen, K.K., Loft, S., Ketzel, M. & Raaschou-Nielsen, O. 2010. Association between short-term exposure to ultrafine particles and hospital admissions for stroke in Copenhagen, Denmark. European Heart Journal. 31(16): 2034-2040, DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq188

Azimi, P., Zhao, D., Pouzet, C., Crain, N. E. & Stephens, B. 2016. Emissions of ultrafine particles and volatile organic compounds from commercially available desktop three-dimensional printers with multiple filaments. Environmental Science & Technology. 50(3): 1260-1268. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04983

Bharti, N. & Singh, S. 2017. Three-Dimensional (3D) printers in libraries: Perspective and preliminary safety analysis. Journal of Chemical Education. 94(7): 879-885. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00745

Chuck Hull: Pioneer in Stereolithography. 2013. SPIE Professional. DOI: 10.1117/2.4201301.03

Davis, A. & Golden, J. H. 1967. Thermally-induced cross-linking of poly[2.2-propane-bis-(4-phenyl carbonate)]. Macromolecular Chemistry & Physics. 110(1): 180-184. DOI: 10.1002/macp.1967.021100118

D Systems. 2013. 30 Years of Innovation. [cited 2017 August 24]. Available from https://www.3dsystems.com/our-story

Delfino, R. J., Sioutas, C. & Malik, S. 2005. Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health. Environmental Health Perspective. 113(8): 934-946, DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7938

Horn, L. 2013. 3D Printing Indoors Is as Bad for You as Smoking a Cigarette Inside. [cited 2017 August 24]. Available from http://gizmodo.com/3d-printing-indoors-is-as-bad-for-you-as-smoking-a-ciga-894193776

Kodama, H. 1981. Automatic method for fabricating a three-dimensional plastic model with photo-hardening polymer. Review of Scientific Instruments. 1770-1773. DOI: 10.1063/1.1136492

A Librarian's Guide to Makerspaces: 16 Resources. [cited 2017 August 24]. Available from http://oedb.org/ilibrarian/a-librarians-guide-to-makerspaces/

Oberdörster, G., Celein, R.M., Ferin, J. & Weiss, B. 1995. Association of particulate air pollution and acute mortality: involvement of ultrafine particles? Inhalation Toxicology. 7: 111-124. DOI: 10.3109/08958379509014275

Shead, S. 2013. Scientists warn of 3D printing health effects as tech hits high street. Techworld. [cited 2017 August 24]. Available from http://www.techworld.com/news/personal-tech/scientists-warn-of-3d-printing-health-effects-as-tech-hits-high-street-3460992/

Stabile, L., Scungio M., Buonanno, G., Arpino, F. & Ficco, G. 2017, Airborne particle emission of a commercial 3D printer: the effect of filament material and printing temperature. Indoor Air. 27, 398-408. DOI: 10.1111/ina.12310

Steinle, P. 2016. Characterization of emissions from a desktop 3D printer and indoor air measurements in office settings. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 13(2): 121-132. DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1091957

Stephens, B., Azimi, P., El Orch, Z. & Ramos, T. 2013. Ultrafine particle emissions from desktop 3D printers. Atmospheric Environment. 79, 334- 339, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.06.050

Types of 3D Printers or 3D Printing Technologies Overview. 3D Printing from Scratch. [cited 2017 August 24]. Available from http://3dprintingfromscratch.com/common/types-of-3d-printers-or-3d-printing-technologies-overview/

Watkin, H. 2015. Fire safety: Unattended 3D printer nearly burns house down. All3DP. [cited 2017 August 24]. Available from https://all3dp.com/fire-safety-unattended-3d-printer-nearly-burns-house-down/

Downloads

Published

2017-09-01

How to Cite

Bharti, N. (2017). 3D Printing in Makerspaces: Health and Safety Concerns. Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship, (87). https://doi.org/10.29173/istl1712

Issue

Section

Short Communications
Share |

Most read articles by the same author(s)