Dietary and Social Stratification: An Anthropological Perspective

Authors

  • Runjia Cai Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29173/comp62

Abstract

The number of articles dedicated to dietary and social stratification today is relatively small, and those that exist are often based on quantitative statistics rather than direct observations and narratives of people. This article aims to describe and analyze these phenomena, revealing the often invisible and nuanced social stratifications and definitions.  This article uses phenomenological interpretation and analysis, providing an arrative overview of people’s choices and needs regarding their diets. Although diet continues to be influenced by social stratification, this influence is gradually diminishing, eliminating the monopoly of the upper stratum. While this article is primarily a phenomenological exposition, it argues that the relationship between dietary and social stratification is not unidirectional and proportional but rather influenced through multiple connections.

References

Anthias, Floya. 2001. The material and the symbolic in theorizing social stratification: Issues of gender, ethnicity and class. British Journal of Sociology 52 (3): 367–90. doi: 10.1080/00071310120071106.

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1979. Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. London: Routledge.

Bourdieu, Pierre and Jean Claude Passeron. 1979. Reproduction in education, society and culture. The British Journal of Sociology 30 (2): 257. doi: 10.2307/589547.

Capacci, Sara, Mario Mazzocchi, Bhavani Shankar, José Brambila Macias, Wim Verbeke, Federico J. Pérez-Cueto, Agnieszka Kozioł-Kozakowska, et al. 2012. Policies to promote healthy eating in Europe: A structured review of policies and their effectiveness. Nutrition Reviews 70 (3): 188–200. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00442.x.

Chakraborty, R., K. Bose, and S. J. Ulijaszek. 2009. Income level and food intake patterns among male bengalee slum dwellers in Kolkata, India. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition 15(1): 19-25.

Chan, Tak Mao, and John H. Goldthorpe. 2006. Social stratification and cultural consumption: Music in England. European Sociological Review 23(1): 1–19. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcl016.

Cockerham, William C., Guenther Lueschen, Gerhard Kunz, and Joe L. Spaeth. 1986. Social stratification and self-management of health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 27 (1): 1-14. doi: 10.2307/2136499.

Cozby, Paul C., and Scott Bates. 2019. Methods in behavioral research. McGraw-Hill Education.

Crockett, Harry J., and William Labov. 1968. The social stratification of English in New York City. American Sociological Review 33(5): 819-820. doi: 10.2307/2092899.

Crompton, Rosemary. 1999. Class and stratification. In Sociology: Issues and debates, Steve Taylor ed. Pp. 96–115.

Darko, Janice, Dennis L. Eggett, and Rickelle Richards. 2013. Shopping behaviors of low-income families during a 1-month period of time. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 45 (1): 20–29. doi: 10.1016/j.jneb.2012.05.016.

Dunn, Richard S. 2010. The effect of fast‐food availability on obesity: An analysis by gender, race, and residential location. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 92 (4): 1149–64. doi:10.1093/ajae/aaq041.

Engler-Stringer, Rachel. 2010. Food, cooking skills, and health: A literature review. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 71 (3): 141–45. doi:10.3148/71.3.2010.141.

Falk, Laura Winter, Jeffery Sobal, Carole A. Bisogni, Margaret Connors, and Carol M. Devine. 2001. Managing healthy eating: Definitions, classifications, and strategies. Health Education & Behavior 28 (4): 425–39. doi:10.1177/109019810102800405.

Gershuny, Jonathan. 2005. Busyness as the badge of honor for the new superordinate working class. Social Research an International Quarterly 72 (2): 287–314. doi:10.1353/sor.2005.0026.

Giddens, Anthony. 1991. Modernity and self-Identity: Self and society in the late modern age. Standford: Standford University Press.

Gøsta Esping-Andersen. 1993. Changing classes: Stratification and mobility in post-industrial societies. London: SAGE.

Grusky, David B. 1994. Social stratification: Class, race, and gender in sociological perspective. Boulder: Westview Press.

Gupta, Arpana, Vadim Osadchiy, and Emeran A. Mayer. 2020. Brain–gut–microbiome interactions in obesity and food addiction. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 17 (11): 655–72. doi:10.1038/s41575-020-0341-5.

Hartmann, Christina, Simone Dohle, and Michael Siegrist. 2013. Importance of cooking skills for balanced food choices. Appetite 65: 125–31. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.01.016.

Jiménez-Monreal, A. M., L. García-Diz, M. Martínez-Tomé, M. Mariscal, and M. A. Murcia. 2009. Influence of cooking methods on antioxidant activity of vegetables. Journal of Food Science 74 (3). doi:10.1111/j.1750

Jin, Hei-Ying, and Jiangshe Zhang. 2020. High fat high calories diet (HFD) increase gut susceptibility to carcinogens by altering the gut microbial community. Journal of Cancer 11 (14): 4091–98. doi:10.7150/jca.43561.

Klein, Emilio, and Víctor Tokman. 2000. Social stratification under tension in a globalized era. CEPAL Review (72): 7–29. doi:10.18356/89a613b8-en.-3841.2009.01091.x.

Kotzampassi, Katerina, Evangelos J. Giamarellos-Bourboulis, and George Stavrou. 2014. Obesity as a consequence of gut bacteria and diet interactions. ISRN Obesity 2014 (March): 1–8. doi:10.1155/2014/651895.

Lake, Amelia A., Robert M. Hyland, Andrew J. Rugg-Gunn, Charlotte E. Wood, John C. Mathers, and Ashley J. Adamson. 2007. Healthy eating: perceptions and practice (the ash30 study). Appetite 48 (2): 176–82. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2006.08.065.

Lavelle, Fiona, Tamara Bucher, Moira Dean, Hannah M. Brown, Megan E. Rollo, and Clare E. Collins. 2019b. Diet quality is more strongly related to food skills rather than cooking skills confidence: results from a national cross‐sectional survey. Nutrition & Dietetics 77 (1): 112–20. doi:10.1111/1747-0080.12583.

Lavelle, Fiona, Tony Benson, Lynsey Hollywood, Dawn Surgenor, Amanda McCloat, Elaine Mooney, Martin Caraher, and Moira Dean. 2019a. Modern transference of domestic cooking skills. Nutrients 11 (4): 870. doi:10.3390/nu11040870.

Liu, Siyao, Fangzhu Zhang, and Fulong Wu. 2021. Contrasting migrants’ sense of belonging to the city in selected peri-urban neighbourhoods in beijing. Cities 120 (October): 103499. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2021.103499.

McGowan, Laura, Martin Caraher, Monique Raats, Fiona Lavelle, Lynsey Hollywood, Dawn McDowell, Michelle Spence, Amanda McCloat, Elaine Mooney, and Moira Dean. 2015. Domestic cooking and food skills: a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 57 (11): 2412–31. doi:10.1080/10408398.2015.1072495.

Mclntosh, W. 1996. Sociologies of Food and Nutrition. New York: Plenum Press.

Meyer, Katie A., David K. Guilkey, Shu Wen Ng, Kiyah J. Duffey, Barry M. Popkin, Catarina I. Kiefe, Lyn M. Steffen, James M. Shikany, and Penny Gordon-Larsen. 2014. Sociodemographic differences in fast food price sensitivity. JAMA Internal Medicine 174 (3): 434. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13922.

Oke, Emmanuel Kehinde, Mopelola Abidemi Idowu, O. P. Sobukola, Samuel Albanie, and A. O. Akinsola. 2017. Frying of food: a critical review. Journal of Culinary Science & Technology 16 (2): 107–27. doi:10.1080/15428052.2017.1333936.

Oyekola, Isaac A., and Eyitayo J. Oyeyipo. 2020. Social stratification. In Introductory sociology. Olakunle Abiona Ogunbameru, ed. Pp. 125-138. Ile-Ife: Obafemi Awolowo University Press.

Paquette, Marie-Claude. 2005. Perceptions of healthy eating: state of knowledge and research gaps. PubMed 96 (3): 15-21.

Prosper Montagné. 1977. Larousse Gastronomique. Clarkson Potter.

Seal, Chris, Christophe M. Courtin, Koen Venema, and Jan De Vries. 2021. Health benefits of whole grain: effects on dietary carbohydrate quality, the gut microbiome, and consequences of processing. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 20 (3): 2742–68. doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12728.

Skoufias, Emmanuel, Vincenzo Di Maro, Teresa González-Cossío, and Sonia Rodríguez Ramirez. 2011. Food quality, calories, and household income. Applied Economics 43 (28): 4331–42. doi:10.1080/00036846.2010.491454.

Smith, Jonathan A., and Isabella E. Nizza. 2022. What is interpretative phenomenological analysis? In Essentials of interpretative phenomenological analysis, J. A. Smith and I. E. Nizza, eds. Pp. 3–10. Washington: American Psychological Association.

Smith Maguire, Jennifer. 2016. Introduction: Looking at food practices and taste across the class divide. Food, Culture & Society 19 (1): 11–18. doi:10.1080/15528014.2016.1144995.

Spronk, Inge, Charina Kullen, Catriona Burdon, and Helen O'Connor. 2014. Relationship between nutrition knowledge and dietary intake. British Journal of Nutrition 111 (10): 1713–26. doi:10.1017/s0007114514000087.

Tashiro, Sanae, and Chu-Ping Lo. 2012. Gender difference in the allocation of time. Food, Culture & Society 15 (3): 455–71. doi:10.2752/175174412x13276629246000.

van der Veen, Marijke. 2003. When is food a luxury? World Archaeology 34 (3): 405–27. doi:10.1080/0043824021000026422.

van Dillen, Sonja ME, Gerrit J Hiddink, Maria A Koelen, Cees de Graaf, and Cees MJ van Woerkum. 2003. Understanding nutrition communication between health professionals and consumers: development of a model for nutrition awareness based on qualitative consumer research. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77 (4). doi: 10.1093/ajcn/77.4.1065s.

van Dillen, Sonja ME, Gerrit Jan Hiddink, Maria A Koelen, Cees de Graaf, and Cees MJ van Woerkum. 2007. Exploration of possible correlates of nutrition awareness and the relationship with nutrition-related behaviours: results of a consumer study. Public Health Nutrition 11 (5): 478–85. doi:10.1017/s1368980007000754.

Wardle, J., K. Parmenter, and J. Waller. 2000. Nutrition knowledge and food intake. Appetite 34 (3): 269–75. doi:10.1006/appe.1999.0311.

Zenk, Shannon N., Lisa M. Powell, Zeynep Isgor, Leah Rimkus, Dianne C. Barker, and Frank J. Chaloupka. 2015. Prepared food availability in u.s. food stores. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 49 (4): 553–62. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.02.025.

Downloads

Published

2024-10-04